Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately identifying these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar,

Geotechnical exploration methods are essential for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly impact the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as gr

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording of